AStronomy Discoveries Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

AStronomy Discoveries - Research Paper Example Scientists like Carl Sagan and Stephen Hawking have hypothesized that it would be improbable for life  not  to exist somewhere other than the earth relying on the vast size and consistent physical laws of the observable Universe (Steiger and White, 3-4). The existence of life on the earth is based mainly on the biochemical reactions and bonds of 6 elements, namely, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous and sulphur. The distance of earth from its star and its atmospheric conditions, and most importantly, the presence of water make the ‘blue-planet’ inhabitable (Sol Company, Inc). Presence of a liquid, though not water, is basal for life to sustain wherever on the universe, that’s what our scientists have figured out. Complex chemical reactions that form the foundation of life require some liquid to take place. But, liquid state is one of the rarest on the universe, because, holding a liquid in space is improbable in vacuum. In our convictions, these c onditions are necessary for life to exist anywhere. Man couldn’t find any other celestial body with such conditions till date. So, the quest still remains. Extraterrestrial life was there in man’s imagination from long back, and this was mentioned in many mythologies and books of ancient civilizations. But, it was only in the recent past when man got some believable clues regarding this. The most convincing tip about alien life was the fossil evidence of bacterial life within some meteorites collected from Antarctica, Siberia, Alaska etc. There were claims about having seen a UFO from different parts of the world. Some paranormal radio signals also cemented man’s doubts on extraterrestrial life. According to Corfield, mars has long been suspected for the presence of life, from 17th century onwards, when Christian Huygens discovered a strange feature known as Syrtis Major on its surface (186-188). But no one could put forward confirmable evidence in this regard. Such clues and hypothesis have rocketed up man’s eagerness to continue the quest for extraterrestrial life. Space organizations in various countries are doing extensive research on astrobiology. Probe teams are sent to many planets and their satellites for investigation and collecting materials. Amounts spent by governments on this subject are vast and often criticized largely for the inaccuracy of the outcomes. In my opinion, allotting huge amounts in this regard is not a wise thing to do, because chances for existence of an alien civilization which our race can set up communication with are unconvincingly rare. But, ceasing these long driven projects is also not a wise thing, because, a wondrous discovery of a species on some other planet may bring about a huge boost to our innovative researches. May be, some micro-organisms hopefully discovered outside the earth will be of utility in making antibiotics for many diseases which we have not yet been able to eradicate. They ma y generate some hybrid compounds which can give us chemicals which may be usable in agriculture or industry. Such discoveries may lead to some solutions to our problems regarding global warming and climate change. But, it will be good for us to think about a situation when a more intelligent and developed civilization than ours coming into contact with our planet; its

Diversity and Multiculturalism Essay Example for Free

Diversity and Multiculturalism Essay Minority is a word describing a group representing a population smaller than the State. They are people of distinct culture, religion, language and ethnicity from the norms of the Society. Any group resembling the stated characteristics is a Minority. This description clearly emphasizes the rebuttal of Human Rights to people who are not living within the standards of the society. Group Rights or Minority Rights, in a popular manner, speaks of the Ethnic discrimination to some and a due right to others. Moreover, a conflict begins when an individual claims of his/her minority group and yet, the State does not recognize a Minority. The group rights tend to protect a certain group and reflects the other laws excluded on their existence, which for many individuals is a direct discrimination. Primarily, rights are powers to act in accordance with the existing system having values and principles approved by the society. It is a claim or title, whether legal, descriptive and moral (Sutton, 2001). The controversy exists regarding group rights on the term called Multiculturalism. This kind of group right often pertains to a member of an ethnic or religious group. Scholars perceive this kind of group right as a barrier to the actions that most ethnic groups have before there was â€Å"civilization. † It is a form of oppression because the majority opposes those traditional beliefs and pursues the so-called â€Å"equality† to such people. Group rights exist to discriminate, oppose and eliminate the traditional acts for the satisfaction of the majority. MULTICULTURALISM Multiculturalism is the opinion that all cultures, from tribesmen and modern civilization, to be equal. However, equality does not address the century old problem because of diverse conditions. Thus, multiculturalism confers with egalitarianism. The objective of multiculturalism is to obliterate the value of free, industrialized civilization, by declaring such civilization no better than the primitive tribalism. It wants to incapacitate the mind’s ability to differentiate good from evil, to differentiate life promoting to what life is negating. Some oppose this principle because they reason out that everyone has a right to moral judgment. The ideas and culture of a specific community should have recognition and respect. ISSUES ON MULTICULTURALISM Many question how the individuals would respect such minority rights if the problem remains on cultural differences. The argument of the multiculturalists’ defenders is that all cultures are equal and some factors coming from this culture are superior to the universal values. Some fruits of Enlightenment and egalitarian movements root from the cultural proponents. Colorful ethnic attire and interesting cuisine may seem interesting and attractive. Nevertheless, with the reality of women and childrens oppression worldwide, multiculturalism is increasingly a policy to maintain that oppression (Kamguian, 2005). The crimes against women become the celebration of traditional cultures and religions with the ignorance on it disadvantages. Governments of Western foundation utilized the policy of multiculturalism in the past, which encourage and uphold the demands for group rights coming from native populations, ethnic minorities or religious groups. However, these cultures have societal cultures that employ members of meaningful ways of life across the full range of human activities, including social, educational, religious, and recreational life. Because these societal cultures play an essential role in the lives of members and because these cultures face extinction, they should have special rights for protection. This accord with group rights but that is not the case with the societal norms like slavery, female genital mutilation, forced marriages, honor killing and other horrors respected by the society. These horrible practices are within the multicultural principle but it the proper action is to eradicate it. The argument begins with multiculturalism, which acts as a substitute policy to ensure a tolerant and democratized compliance in a world that conflicts between cultures eradicate such values. Moreover, the argument leads to racism and tyranny, as the dominant group want to create a universal norm. Another argument consists of the human basic need for cultural attachments. This need then should have protection from validating and protecting different cultures. The supporters of multiculturalism contrast that individual rights is sufficient enough for protection of minority cultures or their way of life that has a consequence of having special group rights and privileges such as arbitrations from Sharia in Canada and allowances fro polygamous men in France. In other cases, group rights claim to have political exclusions, govern their principles and exempt them from the general law. Often, cultures are patriarchal and many cultures claim group rights are more patriarchal than the surrounding cultures. Examples are the common gender inequalities like child marriages, forced marriages, divorce systems biased against women, polygamy and clitoridoctomy. These cases violate women and children’s individual rights of the society. This respect for cultural traditions resulted to lack of support and voices for women and children and the marginalization of progressive forces. When one observes the culture of these minority groups, they would see how oppression and repression reside within their own communities. Not all cultures are equal even though humans’ possess culture, some may be better that the other cultures and others may possess values unacceptable to the society. Indeed the very idea of equality is the product of the Enlightenment and the political and intellectual revolutions that it unleashed (Kamguian, 2005). Forcing equality means to challenge accepted practices and believing in possibility of transformation. However, permitting the differences by the dominant culture is the acceptance of the society as a whole. The diversity movement is not imparting knowledge to students, but promoting racism. – Michael S. Berliner Racism is a notion directing one race as superior to another race. The affirmative action viewed by some is a form of ethnic diversity, a form of politically correct disguise. The belief of racism is that one’s convictions, values and character is particularly based on anatomy or â€Å"blood† and not by judgment. This view tends to see people of different pigmentation as different from the superior pigmentation. The spread of racism causes destruction of the individual in one’s mind. This individual then clings to another race, wanting to have that belongingness because of race diversity. Proponents of diversity seem to be the true racists because they see the world through the color of lens, hair and skin. To multiculturalists, values, thinking and human identity all cling to race. Multiculturalism establishes the oppression in equality. Proponents of diversity teach the youth that people having different cultures also have different capacities resulting to recognition of separatism and glorifying a specific race. This revolutionizes â€Å"racial identity† that aims to erect an unbridgeable perception on race differences. Hence, any cooperation between races is impossible because of their differences being emphasized. ETHNICITY AND GROUP RIGHTS The Ethnic Group has group rights that defend their members who want to exercise their right to behave and enables them to act diversely from the majority. The ethnic group supports their group rights and their representatives, subsequently. It is unnecessary and undesirable to put these rights in a metaphysical entity, which bear their independent human characteristics. In addition, the right in question resorts to be a negative claim. The majority should not forbid such groups to defend their rights. In fact, for the reason that they have the utmost power in defense, they should assist the minority to respect and bear the minority rights in a positive way. However, this can apply to a situation where the ethnic group does a grave misconduct not prevented by the existing rules and regulations. Another is that the ethnic group should observe the group rights, voluntarily and autonomously. People cannot defend a right not chosen by them. Sutton defines that in order to enact such rights they must show the capacity to understand to successful claimants (Sutton, 2001, p 21). The ethnic group rights should correspond with the human rights, as it would give them the right to protect such liberties whenever the majority, which also has human rights, opposes their ethnic habits. Nonetheless, the civil liberty of individuals and ethnic group rights come from the principle of prima facie rights, which explains the liberty experienced by the ethnic group due to these rights has limitations whenever the ethnic habits impose grave suffering or serious restrictions of liberty on other human beings. In general, the obligation of the majority has a duty not to restrict freedom when they wish to observe harmless habits and if the majority’s opposition puts a grave suffering to the ethnic group, then, they have to restrict such opposition (Hayry, 2007). Ethnic minorities do not have a group right to force or coerce their members into observing duties, which are not required by the principles of liberty and the avoidance of suffering (Hayry, 2007). Individuals have three duties, the duty not to inflict harm to another individual, the duty not to restrict unreasonably the freedom of others and the duty not to breach voluntary, harmless contracts. The first duty means for the individuals to act accordingly to the rule of the group without coercing such right. The argument then is the term ethnic group coerces their right because they did not choose the term themselves but a group will not defend a right not made by them. Hence, the general implication is to coerce such freedom, which they themselves have not freely assumed. The second duty restricts any enforcement of freedom, which proves to be unnecessary to the ethnic group. The majority would see that being a member of a minority group would enforce the second duty that is false in belief that will alter the norms. Conversely, everyone has the duty to restrict or condemn habits that will impose suffering and unwarranted restrictions of freedom. In general, the second argument gives the majority the right to restrict ethnic habits given that it will impose harm to the society but it should exceed the principles of equality and fairness. Most of the majority will regard the thesis of defense concerning ethnic habits, which they find different from the norms, false. This is natural, as the dominant groups want a homogenous society supplying the best foundation for human flourishing, even if it costs the principle of liberty and avoidance of suffering. Nonetheless, the significant patterns that endow social conformity should have actions in eliminating cultural diversity (Hayry, 2007). INDIVIDUALISM VERSUS MULTICULTURALISM The principle on individualism is the individual as the primary unit of reality and the ultimate preference of value. Contrary to what other opinions say, individualism does not deny the existence of a society rather the society as a group of individuals not above those individuals. Individualism sees every person as the end of himself and there should be no sacrifice of an individual for another (Stata, 1992). The achievement of an individual credits for himself/herself and not based on the achievements of others. Even though the society believes of individualism as isolation, it does not deny the cooperation but is a theory of the conditions living and working with other people as beneficial. In general, individualism gives credit to an individual and not on the individual’s membership with a society. The probable cure for racial differences is individualism or seeing the person not because of his/her race but because of his/her abilities. The diversity movement aims to teach the following: diversity awareness, diversity training, diversity hiring and submissions and diversity accommodations, which all refer to racial preference. The proper dose on racial issues is to appreciate individually and treatment of collective merits (Locke, 2000). CONCLUSION Protection of human rights in various fields becomes depressing in the past century. Many have resulted to war, as they protect their community from discrimination and sustenance of group rights. Before group rights, many institutions protected the safety of minorities. Three major periods existed in favor of minority group rights. The first period appeared in a non-systematic protection comprising mainly of incorporation of protective clauses, particularly in favor of religious minorities. The second period existed after World War I within the framework of the League of Nations. Lastly are the developments following World War II (Lerner, 2003) on group rights. With all these developments in minorities and group rights, still the existing truth on racial discrimination is emerging. Many say of diversity as an act of racism, that employing group rights does not prove to be efficient in eradicating discrimination. Briefly, group rights is not a power rather a suppression, racial diversity and oppression hiding in equality. References Berliner, M. Diversity and Multiculturalism. 24 May 2000 14 November 2007 http://www.aynrand. org/site/News2? JServSessionIdr009=rpsx4ci8k4. app7apage=NewsArticleid=5195news_iv_ctrl=1076 Sutton, P. Kinds of Rights in Country: Recognising Customary Rights as Incidents of Native Title. 2001. 14 November 2007 p. 29 National Native Title Tribunal. Hayry, H. Ethnicity and Group Rights, Individual Liberties and Immoral Obligations. 14 November 2007 http://www. bu. edu/wcp/Papers/Soci/SociHayr. htm Minority. 14 November 2007 http://www. terralingua. org/Definitions/DMinority. html Kamguian, A. Universal Rights versus Individual Rights. 6 July 2005 14 November 2007 http://www. iheu. org/node/1691 Culture and Multiculturalism. 14 November 2007 http://www. aynrand. org/site/PageServer? pagename=media_topic_multiculturalism Locke, E. Individualism – The Only Cure for Racism. 12 December 1997 14 November 2007 http://www. aynrand. org/site/News2? JServSessionIdr009=rpsx4ci8k4. app7apage=NewsArticleid=6167news_iv_ctrl=1076 Lerner, N. Group Rights and Discrimination in International Law. Boston: Martinus Nihjoff Publishers, 2003.

Deep River Shusaku Endo English Literature Essay

Deep River Shusaku Endo English Literature Essay Shusaku Endo has had a long career in literary works. He has written some very compelling novels that dive deep down into the journey of spiritual learning. He has fixated most of his writings on two main crossing issues such as eastern and western cultures specifically between Japanese culture and Christianity. His novels have sited a wide range of issues of cultural and spiritual identity, alienation, and personal pledge to faith. The story he wrote Deep River is a fascinating journey of revelation for the characters involved, especially the relationship between Mitsuko has with Otsu. Otsu and Mitsuko first meet in college, Otsu is an awkward religious student and Mitsuko is a woman who has no real passion for life. She decides she wants to steal Otsu away from the god he believes in. She invites Otsu to a party to ask him about his beliefs, to my surprise he comes clean saying he is unsure of what he believes in. Mitsuko forces Otsu to drink and wont stop forcing him until he forsakes god, but he drinks till he throws up, never giving up on god. No it sounds like these two would never see each other again after something like that. To your dismay Mitsuko cant leave Otsu be, she says he must falsify his belief in god. She then gives him the opportunity to be her boyfriend if he gives up his faith. I honestly cant believe anyone would force that upon someone. To my dismay they end up having sex and dating for several months until she breaks his heart. Otsu now depressed, leaves and doesnt return, although they do of course, meet again. Mitsuko has a problem because she feels no passion in life; she goes through her life and this story with a horrible feeling of emptiness in herself On Mitsukos Honeymoon instead of spending time with her new husband she hears Otsu is in France and searches him out. They meet up and come up with a new word for god onion because to Mitsuko the term god means nothing. Otsu is on the complete opposite page, saying god is everything everywhere. The French actually say he is a heretic for his beliefs that other religions are also true and that god uses both sin and suffering for the greater good. Otsu is opposed by his teachers because of this statement he gives evil lurks within good, and good thingsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦good things can lie within evil as well (65). I believe what Endo is trying to express be that god has the power to convert every sin into some kind of good. Later in the story another quote comes up, god has many faces. I dont think god exists exclusively in the churches and chapels of Europe. I think he is also among the Jews and the Buddhists and the Hindus (121). Otsu wants to live a life of selfless sacrifice for all p eople, which at the time Mitsuko finds to be a waste of time. I believe the reason she seeks out Otsu so many times in the story even though she doesnt really know what it she is searching for she is searching for god which in the end brings love. Otsu signifies a belief in unity of all. He believes in combining all faiths and caring for all mankind, generating an enormous social assembly of love. Even with being called a heretic, Otsu never revokes his beliefs and maintains a strong faith and trust in Jesus. While talking to Mitsuko he decides to tell her he has dedicated his existence to chasing only one thing: the love of that onion, Love is all the onion has imparted to us. The thing we are most lacking in our modern world is love; love is the thing no one believes in anymore; love is what everyone mockingly laughs at, and that is why someone like me wants to follow my onion with dumb sincerity (119). Otsu follows his beliefs to India at the river Ganges. This is a place that is very sacred to the Hindus, they travel here when they are dying with the hope to have their bodies cremated and their ashes spread into the holy river. Otsu goes here to sacrifice himself so he can help these people make the dying journey. He literally carries the people to the river who can barely walk. Sacrifice is the focus of Otsus faith. Jesus is the number one symbol of sacrifice. He gave up his life for mankinds sins. Jesus symbolically lugs all of the anguishes of mankind on his shoulders when he is made to carry his own cross to death. Otsu imitates the carrying of suffering by plainly transporting the deceased and dying on his back to the River Ganges. Otsu sees more than just the task he is doing, he feels something pure and necessary in putting the suffering of others on his shoulders, by sacrificing himself. Mitsuko sees what Otsu is doing as a waste of his own life, because he is getting nothing out of it in her eyes. Otsu knows he will not change the world or cure suffering, he is doing this act of sacrifice for the good of the people, if there is a benefit that comes from it then Otsu knows the act will not be the true good act of sacrifice. By the end of the story you start to get the feeling that Mitsuko finally understands the belief of sacrifice and love for others. She decides to bathe in the holy river joining the Hindus with her own prayer, which she still believes is a lie, she still has that emptiness until she sees the ultimate sacrifice. Sacrifice is to give and receive nothing in return except for happiness in you. To love is to sacrifice; Otsu makes sacrifices for people trying to turn their sorrow into love. The end of the story brings the biggest sacrifice, when Otsu becomes mortally wounded, while saving Sanjo, who is a person who most wouldnt sacrifice for because of his cultural insensitiveness. But because Otsu and his beliefs he saves the man and in the end giving his life. This act makes his sacrifice even greater, he is not sacrificing for a loved one or a family member but for a stranger who does not know or appreciate what Otsu does for him. Otsu has Christ-like, selfless love that rises above all cultural, racial, and religious prejudices to embrace all of humanity, just like the river Ganges, which he saw as a deep and flowing river of love accepting all, rejecting neither the ugliest of men nor the filthiest (185). This is when we finally understand what lies at the heart of Christianity; Love and sa crifice for others. Otsus sacrifice is one of pure love for mankind, deaf, blind and dumb to how pointless it may be.

Essay example --

Animals are so often forgotten when it comes to the many different levels of basic rights. No, they can’t talk, or get a job, nor can they contribute to society the way humans can. Yet they hold a special place in their owners’ hearts, they can without a doubt feel, show their different emotions, and they can most definitely love. In recent years there has been a massive increase in animal rights awareness, leading to a better understanding and knowledge in the subject of the humane treatment of animals. Where do humans draw the line between the concern of equality, and simple survival? It’s fair to assume there should be disparity between the way cats and cows are treated, or the way chickens and dogs are. Certain animals have their place in the animal kingdom, grazing animals like cows and chickens have historically been used as a food source since the concept of animal husbandry was introduced, on the other end of the spectrum cats and dogs have been domesticated and kept as common house pets. The suggestion that livestock have the same emotions and feelings as a typical housecat can be up to debate. Peter Singer states that the behavior of some apes, dolphins and dogs suggest they have emotions and desires. All of the evidence, or the lack thereof, leads to issues concerning the ethical treatment of all animals. Consumption is one of the biggest areas of disagreement in regards to animal rights. Throughout the world there are many different laws and regulations regarding the treatment of animals. Each country has their own set of standards, many of them religious and others more along the lines of common sense. While it is normal to regularly consume cattle meat (such as cow) in America, many Hindu Indians refrain from it... ... cancer, but don’t rub a new shampoo in their eyes, or feed them dishwashing liquid until they slowly and painfully die. Animals deserve fair and ethical treatment, however not necessarily equally. Non-human animals and humans are not one in the same, there is no way we will ever be defined and put in the same category. Humans have reference levels, the ability to reason and think logically. We have evolved to the point where we can study, contain, and determine the outcome of basically any animal on Earth, now it’s up to us to ensure they are treated fairly. All it takes is one’s voice to start a movement towards finding humane ways to butcher livestock to feed families, to help build a new law that makes shelters safer and cleaner for abandoned animals to live and have a second chance, and to help make popular those companies that don’t condone animal testing.

Difference between retained earnings

Retained earnings is the profit generated by a company that are not distributed to stockholders (shareholders) as dividends but are either reinvested in the business or kept as a reserve for specific objectives (such as to pay off a debt or purchase a capital asset). A balance sheet figure shown under the heading retained earnings is the sum of all profits retained since the companys inception. Retained earnings are reduced by losses, and are also called accumulated earnings, accumulated profit, accumulated Income, accumulated surplus, earned surplus, ndistributed earnings, or undivided profits.Profit and loss account is one of the financial statements of a company and shows the companys revenues and expenses during a particular period. It Indicates how the revenues (money received from the sale of products and services before expenses are taken out, also known as the â€Å"top line†) are transformed into the net income (the result after all revenues and expenses have been acc ounted for, also known as â€Å"net profit† or the â€Å"bottom line†). It displays the revenues recognized tor a specific period, nd the cost and expenses charged against these revenues, including write- offs (e. . , depreciation and amortization of various assets) and taxes. The purpose of the income statement is to show managers and investors whether the company made or lost money during the period being reported. When any amount is kept separate by a company out of its profit for future purpose then that is called as General reserves. In other words, the general reserves are the ‘retained earnings' of a company which are kept aside out of company's profits to meet future known or unknown obligations.General reserves are the part of ‘Profit and Loss Appropriation Account'. The general reserve is a free reserve which can be utilized for any purpose after fulfilling certain conditions. The primary differences between the retained earnings , profit and loss account and general reserve is as follows: Point of difference Retained earning Account General reserve Definition This is the profit which is not distributed to the stockholders but probably reinvested In the business. This Is the financial statement of a company which shows the tOf2 for future purposes. UsesThis is used or retained as earnings for specific objectives like to pay off debts etc. The purpose of the income statement is to show managers and investors whether the company made or lost money during the period being reported. General reserve is certain amount of money kept aside for future need or unexpected expenses. Found under A balance sheet figure shown under the heading retained earnings is the sum of all profits retained since the company's inception. Found in the final accounts statement book General reserves are the part of Profit and Loss Appropriation Account.

M16 Rifle and Higher Headquarters Essay Example

M16 Rifle and Higher Headquarters Essay Example M16 Rifle and Higher Headquarters Essay M16 Rifle and Higher Headquarters Essay Battle Drill 07-309502 React to Ambush (Near) TASK: React to Ambush (Near) (07-309502). CONDITIONS: (Dismounted/Mounted) The unit is moving tactically, conducting operations. The enemy initiates contact with direct fire within hand grenade range. All or part of the unit is receiving accurate enemy direct fire. This drill begins when the enemy initiates ambush within hand grenade range. STANDARDS: (Dismounted) Soldiers in the kill zone immediately return fire on known or suspected enemy positions and assault through the kill zone. Soldiers not n the kill zone locate and place well-aimed suppressive fire on the enemy. The unit assaults through the kill zone and destroys the enemy. (Mounted) Vehicle gunners immediately return fire on known or suspected enemy positions as the unit continues to move out of the kill zone. Soldiers on disabled vehicles in the kill zone dismount, occupy covered positions, and engage the enemy with accurate fire. Vehicle gunners and Soldiers outside the kill zone suppress the enemy. The unit assaults through the kill zone and destroys the enemy. The unit leader reports the contact to higher headquarters. ILLUSTRATIONS: Figures D9502-1 to -3. TASK STEPS AND PERFORMANCE MEASURES: 1 . Dismounted (see Figure D9502-1 Figure D9502-1. React to ambush (near) (dismounted). a. Soldiers in the kill zone execute one of the following two actions: Return fire immediately. If cover is not available, immediately, without order or signal, assault through the kill zone. (2) Return fire immediately. If cover is available, without order or signal, occupy the nearest covered position, and throw smoke grenades. See Figure D9502-2. ) Figure D9502-2. React to ambush (near) (dismounted) (continued). b. Soldiers in the kill zone assault through the ambush using fire and movement. c. Soldiers not in the kill zone identify the enemy location, place well-aimed suppressive fire on the enemys position and shift fire as Soldiers assault the objective. d. Soldiers assault through and destroy the enemy position. (See Figure D9502-3. ) Figure D9502-3. React to ambush (near) (dismounted) (continued). e. The unit leader reports the contact to higher headquarters. Mounted a. Vehicle gunners in the kill zone immediately return fire, while moving out of the kill zone. b. Soldiers in disabled vehicles in the kill zone immediately obscure themselves from the enemy with smoke, dismount if possible, seek covered positions, and return fire. c. Vehicle gunners and Soldiers outside of the kill zone identify the enemy positions, place well-aimed suppressive fire on the enemy, and shift fire as Soldiers assault the o bjective. d. Soldiers in the kill zone assault through the ambush and destroy the enemy. e. The unit leader reports the contact to higher Supporting Individual Tasks 071-010-0006 step l. a. (l) Engage Targets with an M249 Machine Gun 071-025-0007 Engage Targets with an M240B Machine Gun 071-030-0004 Step 2. a. Engage Targets with an MK 19 Machine Gun 071-054-0004 Step 2. b. Engage Targets with an M136 Launcher 071-100-0003 Engage Targets with an M4 or M4A1 Carbine 071-311-2007 Engage Targets with an M16-Series Rifle 071-311-2130 Engage Targets with an M203 Grenade Launcher 071-313-3454 Engage Targets with a Caliber . 50 M2 Machine Gun 071-325-4407 tep 1. . (2) Employ Hand Grenades 071-326-0501 Step l. b Move as a Member of a Fire Team 071-326-0502 Move Under Direct Fire 071-326-0513 Select Temporary Fighting Positions 071-326-0608 Step 2. e. Use Visual Signaling Techniques 071-326-5606 Step l. c. Select an Overwatch Position 071-410-0002 React to Direct Fire While Mounted 113-571-1022 Step 1 . e. Perform Voice Communications Supporting Products The Infantry Rifle Platoon an d Squad (FM 3-21. 8) The SBCT Infantry Rifle Platoon and Squad (FM 3-21. 9) The Warrior Ethos and Soldier combat Skills (FM 3-21. 75)

Educational Opportunities in the Everyday

Educational Opportunities in the Everyday Learning opportunities surround us every day, but we may miss them because the tasks seem so mundane. As you go about your daily activities, look for opportunities to capitalize on the educational moments in your everyday life. Grocery Shopping   It’s become something of a humorous homeschool stereotype that homeschooling families can turn a trip to the grocery store into a field trip, but the fact is there are many educational opportunities your kids can experience in the grocery store. You can: Learn to read a scale by weighing producePractice estimation and rounding by keeping a mental tally of the amount you’re spendingDiscuss a variety of measurements such as bushel, pounds, gallons, and pints.Practice percentages by figuring sale pricesLearn how to do comparison shopping using unit pricesDiscuss healthy eating habits Used Car Shopping The experience of purchasing a pre-owned car, while a  bit outside the ordinary, is an excellent opportunity for  real-life training skills. Some of the skills you can work on include: Learning what to look for in a used car, such as dependable reputation, safety, gas mileage, and vehicle historyHow to comparison shop and use tools such as Consumer Reports and Kelley Blue Book to gauge value and dependabilityHow interest rates and the age of the car affect the price - for example, we were better off purchasing a newer car through our credit union at just over 2% interest. Cars older than 10 years only qualified for a signature loan and those rates were 10% and higher.How to figure taxes on automobilesConsidering the cost of insurance when purchasing a car  - newer cars and sports cars will mean higher monthly premiumsLearning what’s involved in registering and titling a car Doctor and Dental Appointments If you’ve got to take time out of your busy schedule for appointments, you might as well make them educational. You might learn about: Preventative measures for disease controlProper oral and personal hygieneWhy doctors check your blood pressure and how it affects your overall healthHow dentists screen for diseases like oral cancerWhat causes cavities, illness, or infectionWhat is involved in becoming a doctor, dentist, nurse, or dental hygienist Ask questions  - especially if you’re at the dentist; it will give your dental hygienist something to talk about, rather than asking you questions that you can’t answer because her hands are in your mouth. Cooking Home ec is one subject that you never really have to go out of your way to teach. You may just need to be a bit more intentional about bringing your kids into the kitchen with you to help you prepare meals. As you do so, talk with them about: Food prep and safetyMeasurements such as cups, teaspoons, and tablespoons, along with common conversions for increasing or decreasing the number of servings in a recipeFollowing directions on a recipeHow to properly use cooking utensilsVarious cooking techniques such as baking, broiling, sautà ©ing and simmering You might want to include some specific recipes as you teach your kids about food, such as biscuits, cookies, a few family favorite main dishes and sides, and some desserts, but all of this can be accomplished in the regular day-to-day of your life. Random Educational Moments Don’t miss the random educational opportunities all around you. Look for opportunities to use daily activities that we may take for granted to put to practical use the abstract concepts your kids are learning in school. For example, say youve been getting price quotes to have a concrete pad poured (so youll have a place to park that used car you bought). Youll be able to talk about area and perimeter in concrete terms (pun intended!). You can also use real-world math to figure up how many bags of concrete needed and what the cost would be to do yourselves, along with comparing the cost, in both time and money, to hire someone to do the job. Use sales and dinners out (tipping your server)  to teach your kids simple ways to  quickly calculate  percentages in their heads. Ask your young children to choose a color and count all the cars of that color that they see as you’re driving down the road. Encourage your older kids to tally the variety of colors they see and create a graph to see which color is more popular. Learning opportunities are all around us if we just look for moments to capitalize on the educational in the everyday.

Free Essays on Two Observations

â€Å"Two Observations† In the essays â€Å"Observing Wolves† and â€Å"First Observations†, we are taken into the minds of two writer’s perspective on their animal subjects. Though both Farley Mowatt and Jane van Lawick-Goodall have similarly isolated themselves in the wilderness in the hope of achieving a higher understanding, their methods, perspective, and observations show two vastly different approaches. The preceding, in conjunct with their two completely different writing styles, shows us a glimpse of nature from practically opposite angles. The two writers began their examinations differently right away. In â€Å"Observing Wolves†, Farley Mowatt expressed care and caution but trying not to get in the way of the wolves so as not to disturb â€Å"the even tenor of their lives too much† (237). He wanted to completely enter their world - but gradually. However, this respect was not demonstrated further into the essay when he attempted to get the animal’s attention by challenging their boundaries. In Jane van Lawick-Goodall’s â€Å"First Observations†, the narrator approached the chimpanzees more objectively. Her first impression of the primates was of their simplicity, but her reaction as she became familiar with them showed a growing awe for the them. Her portrayal of the animals and the jungle in her essay, as well as her careful observations, further showed her fascination and respect. In both essays, the reader could easily expect a different reaction from the observers based o n their thesis’ but are led somewhere completely different. In â€Å"Observing Wolves†, the narrator focused more on his feelings in relationship to the animals. His observations were more light-hearted, yet there was an underlying intensity shown in his admiration of the wolves and his eagerness to identify with them. The humor and expressiveness of his writing makes the story interesting and exciting; even for a reader with no knowledg... Free Essays on Two Observations Free Essays on Two Observations â€Å"Two Observations† In the essays â€Å"Observing Wolves† and â€Å"First Observations†, we are taken into the minds of two writer’s perspective on their animal subjects. Though both Farley Mowatt and Jane van Lawick-Goodall have similarly isolated themselves in the wilderness in the hope of achieving a higher understanding, their methods, perspective, and observations show two vastly different approaches. The preceding, in conjunct with their two completely different writing styles, shows us a glimpse of nature from practically opposite angles. The two writers began their examinations differently right away. In â€Å"Observing Wolves†, Farley Mowatt expressed care and caution but trying not to get in the way of the wolves so as not to disturb â€Å"the even tenor of their lives too much† (237). He wanted to completely enter their world - but gradually. However, this respect was not demonstrated further into the essay when he attempted to get the animal’s attention by challenging their boundaries. In Jane van Lawick-Goodall’s â€Å"First Observations†, the narrator approached the chimpanzees more objectively. Her first impression of the primates was of their simplicity, but her reaction as she became familiar with them showed a growing awe for the them. Her portrayal of the animals and the jungle in her essay, as well as her careful observations, further showed her fascination and respect. In both essays, the reader could easily expect a different reaction from the observers based o n their thesis’ but are led somewhere completely different. In â€Å"Observing Wolves†, the narrator focused more on his feelings in relationship to the animals. His observations were more light-hearted, yet there was an underlying intensity shown in his admiration of the wolves and his eagerness to identify with them. The humor and expressiveness of his writing makes the story interesting and exciting; even for a reader with no knowledg...

Personal statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 39

Personal statement - Essay Example An MSc in management would help me get a job and possibly good remuneration. I believe that the knowledge and skills I will acquire from Merrick College will help me be in a better position to get more career opportunities. In addition, acquiring an MSc resonates with one of my values, which is to give others and myself the opportunity to develop. I trust that my decision to study at your esteemed institution is one of the best decisions I have made in life. This is because of the best practices as well as reputation in the course and the entire organization. The university offers courses like Management Planning and Control, Business Intelligence and statistical analysis and many more. Moreover, I am interested in MSc management because it will give an opportunity to understand more the management function. I am extremely good at international management, decision making as well as global marketing. Therefore, this course will help me get the bigger picture of international management. There are specific aspects that I am interested in while undertaking the MSc program. One of them being writing a good business proposal as this will help me face future clients with confidence, as I will be able to convince clients through my well-drafted business proposal. In addition, the incorporation of group work in the learning process will help me gain more confidence as participation is important. Moreover, the interactions during discussions will enhance my learning as students learn from one another. My professional network will grow therefore giving me an opportunity to find work in better organizations. My undergraduate program has given me adequate skills necessary for master’s program. I am a committed member in various clubs including the management and leadership club that have grown my leadership skills. I am planning to work as I pursue my masters’ course and this will help me get experience in management. I have both long and long

Extra curricular activities at WCC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Extra curricular activities at WCC - Essay Example In addition, WCC requires students to take courses that address global issues and increase awareness of diversity. For students who already have a strong focus on their goals, Associates degrees are offered that specialize in Administration of Justice, Business Administration, Computer Information Systems, Massage Practitioner, Medical Assisting, Nursing, Paralegal, Physical Therapist Assistant, Early Childhood Education, Education Paraprofessional, and Graphic Design. Each of these degrees requires 90 course credits. For students who don’t want a degree, but instead want to take courses that focus on a narrow choice of occupation, WCC offers 45 credit Certificate courses in Accounting, Business Information Systems, Early Childhood Education, Education Paraprofessional, Medical Assistant, Medical Practice Manager, Network Administrator, Office Administrator, and Technical Support. As you can see, these courses are more for the individual who needs certification for a specific job, or who wants to learn more about a profession in which they may hold an entry level job and are seeking to move to a higher position within their field. This college offers much more than just the opportunity to obtain a degree or a certificate. Many community education programs are offered which target working professionals. These courses are offered during the evenings and on Saturdays and can include cooking, courses to assist small business owners, information to help gardeners, creative writing workshops and even outdoor activities such as fly-tying for local fly fishermen. High School juniors and seniors can take advantage of getting college credits through Washington State’s Running Start Program. This program allows high school students to take college courses during their regular school day in order to get a â€Å"jump-start† on college. Although they have to pay tuition and book costs themselves (or their parents

Rhetorical Analysis Macroeconomic Policy and Diversity Conservation Research Paper

Rhetorical Analysis Macroeconomic Policy and Diversity Conservation - Research Paper Example The article may not be emotional in its tone due to the nature of the literature which is academic writing that follows the formal rules of writing, but the topic nevertheless touched on our concern about the environment. It appeals to our sense of responsibility that we have to do something to save our environment from degradation and to do that we should regulate the pollutants emitted by industry. The topic has emotional significance to the readers because the reader is aware how ruined our ecosphere is and how it contributes to global warming. Considering the source of the journal which is EBSCOhost, the article has the assurance of the integrity of its argument to be grounded on sound scientific study having been scrutinized by the stringent academic standard. This was evident with how the author argued on how to regulate the industry by using the government’s macroeconomic tools to regulate the emission of industrial pollutants from an economist point of view. The author wrote with authority to convey that she is an authority on the subject.Being an academic journal, the article posed its appeal to the readers using logic or logos. It reasoned that by taxing heavily industries which pollute, it could encourage business to be ecologically responsible. The variations of the government’s macroeconomic policy which are the fiscal and monetary tools were argued from the point of the reason how the author’s proposal is feasible in controlling industrial pollution.

Philosophical Conceptions of Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Philosophical Conceptions of Justice - Essay Example However, justice, in a universal definition, entails the knowledge of doing right from wrong and making sure people live in the right way together. It is this ‘right’ way of living that brings controversies in describing social justice among nations. This paper discusses a variety of philosophical conceptions of justice with regard to famous philosophers in their definitions of social justice (Ackerman, 1980). John Locke and Thomas Jefferson John Locke lived in the mid seventeenth century as an English Enlightenment philosopher. He argued that our ancestors once lived in a state of nature that had no government or laws. However, as life advanced and civilization came up, people became stratified into various social classes that required the formulation of laws and regulations in order to cater for the less disadvantaged. This also prohibited the oppression of the less fortunate by the more fortunate. He called this idea of the social contract that enabled all citizens ac quire fundamental rights of life, property, and liberty. However, this depended on people’s consent that he said are an active part of the social contract in which they take part depending on their own accord (Chaffee, 2004). Consequently, a twenty first century philosopher, Chaffee, analyses Locke’s writings in addition to other various ancient philosophers. He says that Locke’s theory is political in that he took up Hobbe’s opinion of human equality and the social contract. Furthermore, he also puts Aristotle’s arguments forward that man is naturally a social creature who cannot survive alone. This means that humanity is fundamentally a social identity and that there is no need to put up a system to control our way of life. However, Hobbes described how this natural socialism could lead to relinquishment of certain rights by high status individuals, hence, leading to oppression and injustice. On the other hand, Thomas Jefferson, the third preside nt of the United States was a profound follower of Locke’s arguments. He believed that every human being is equal and that God gave each unique rights, including liberty, life, and the right to be happy and content. He created his government on the basis that it enabled his people to secure these rights. However, the people still held the right to overthrow the government if they felt that its constitution was not in favor of their happiness and safety. As a result, I believe in Locke’s way of thinking that nowadays life requires a body, like the government, that controls the provision and use of resources on the basis that we are all equal regardless of an individual’s social status. This is because it defines true independence (Marx, 1938). Conceptions of justice Liberalism denotes a free way of acting and thinking in public and private life. It focuses on the role of an individual to possess the power to think and act in whatever way that he or she likes. It is a philosophical view based on Aristotle and Plato’s arguments on justice as was recommended by Locke as the key to a just way of life. It rejects state religion, hereditary privilege, and absolute monarchy as notions that favor inequality among the public and private. In the 19th, liberalism advanced to a political ideology called classical liberalism. This liberalism was still based on the initial liberalism ideas although it advocated for political freedom and civil liberties while opposing how the government interfered with economic freedom. On the other hand, socialism describes an economic ideology that entails social possession of resources, including the ways of production of these resources. It also entails mutual organization of the economy that focuses on benefiting the public as a whole instead of

You can choose a topic for this essay after you finished it - 3

You can choose a topic for this after you finished it - Essay Example rtheless, culture and ethnicity divergences are the main aspects in demagoguery in mystification of the truth and conflict grouping within the United States due to the constant expression and alterations of issues (Sewell, pp.145-234). This paper aims at explaining the underlying misunderstanding of cultural issues as fundamental information of fully understanding prevailing societal forces. The elusiveness of the word ethnicity and its phenomenon is normally confusing and has numerous problems due to the unclear and continuous expansion trend. Ethnicity is considered as the main linkages via critically different phenomenon and combined societal phenomenon. Moreover, it greatly varies according diverse cases within the prevailing community. For instance, religion is the common resultant of differences within two ethnic groups. Conversely, race different qualities are used to serve the identical purpose. Ethnicity of the certain group normally changes depending on the underlying period. Moreover, most of the groups with cultural distinction do not belong to similar ethnic groups thus making the association amidst the underlying culture and ethnicity is less than ideal (Sewell, pp.145-234). Moreover, all ethnic groups are not ancient and have natural social group. The prevailing differences among ethnic groups do not have equal intensity. Certain ethnic groups have diverg ences that aim at the similar endings that mainly arise from ethnicity as a tradition and past myth. Ethnicity aids in the explanation of development and modernity of societies. According to Sewell (2008), ethnicity is considered to be a subjective symbolic utilized as an aspect of culture by particular ethnic group that distinguish different groups. It is used in the definition of character, quality and corresponding condition of ethnic group membership purely based on the identity and consciousness of groups, which is differentiated from supplementary by symbolic makers entailing cultural,

Mini case chapter10 ( solve question E to f and g) Study

Mini chapter10 ( solve question E to f and g) - Case Study Example As compared to franchise L this will lose its taste among the customers in a few years time S would also be rejected if r were above 23.6%, this is because it will have a negative factor. To get an understanding the preference of conflict between NPV over IRR, it is prudent to by and large to recognize that NPV recognizes the â€Å"correct† rate. This is the cost of capital, to be discounted to the cash flows, as compared to the â€Å"arbitrary† rate. In the arbitrary approach where the IRR, makes assumes NPV to be 0. Supremacy of the Net Present Value rules that the reduction cost on capital procedure inborn in both the Internal Rate of Return and Net Present Value systems absolutely assumes that the reinvestment of the cash flows at any given discount rate is used, either Internal Rate of Return or the cost of capital. In the event that the internal rate of return is very big as compared to the cost of capital it becomes impractical to presume in undergoing for reinvestment with such high rate of risk. The gradient of the Net Present Value is dependent to the project’s timing pattern of the cash flows; long-term projects have high gradients as compared to short-term projects. The Net Present Value technique assumes that the entire cash flows of the project period be reinvested back to the project at the firm’s preferred rate of return, on the other hand the Internal Rate of Return technique assumes that these cash flows are possible to reinvested at the Internal Rate of Return. More often, the NPV is assumed to be a better as compared to IRR. The reason being that the project’s cash inflows are generally used as substitutes of outsourcing capital, This means that the, projects cash flows replace outside capital and, hence, save the firm the cost of outside capital. The Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR) is imitative of IRR that keeps away from the latter’s

Philosophical Conceptions of Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Philosophical Conceptions of Justice - Essay Example However, justice, in a universal definition, entails the knowledge of doing right from wrong and making sure people live in the right way together. It is this ‘right’ way of living that brings controversies in describing social justice among nations. This paper discusses a variety of philosophical conceptions of justice with regard to famous philosophers in their definitions of social justice (Ackerman, 1980). John Locke and Thomas Jefferson John Locke lived in the mid seventeenth century as an English Enlightenment philosopher. He argued that our ancestors once lived in a state of nature that had no government or laws. However, as life advanced and civilization came up, people became stratified into various social classes that required the formulation of laws and regulations in order to cater for the less disadvantaged. This also prohibited the oppression of the less fortunate by the more fortunate. He called this idea of the social contract that enabled all citizens ac quire fundamental rights of life, property, and liberty. However, this depended on people’s consent that he said are an active part of the social contract in which they take part depending on their own accord (Chaffee, 2004). Consequently, a twenty first century philosopher, Chaffee, analyses Locke’s writings in addition to other various ancient philosophers. He says that Locke’s theory is political in that he took up Hobbe’s opinion of human equality and the social contract. Furthermore, he also puts Aristotle’s arguments forward that man is naturally a social creature who cannot survive alone. This means that humanity is fundamentally a social identity and that there is no need to put up a system to control our way of life. However, Hobbes described how this natural socialism could lead to relinquishment of certain rights by high status individuals, hence, leading to oppression and injustice. On the other hand, Thomas Jefferson, the third preside nt of the United States was a profound follower of Locke’s arguments. He believed that every human being is equal and that God gave each unique rights, including liberty, life, and the right to be happy and content. He created his government on the basis that it enabled his people to secure these rights. However, the people still held the right to overthrow the government if they felt that its constitution was not in favor of their happiness and safety. As a result, I believe in Locke’s way of thinking that nowadays life requires a body, like the government, that controls the provision and use of resources on the basis that we are all equal regardless of an individual’s social status. This is because it defines true independence (Marx, 1938). Conceptions of justice Liberalism denotes a free way of acting and thinking in public and private life. It focuses on the role of an individual to possess the power to think and act in whatever way that he or she likes. It is a philosophical view based on Aristotle and Plato’s arguments on justice as was recommended by Locke as the key to a just way of life. It rejects state religion, hereditary privilege, and absolute monarchy as notions that favor inequality among the public and private. In the 19th, liberalism advanced to a political ideology called classical liberalism. This liberalism was still based on the initial liberalism ideas although it advocated for political freedom and civil liberties while opposing how the government interfered with economic freedom. On the other hand, socialism describes an economic ideology that entails social possession of resources, including the ways of production of these resources. It also entails mutual organization of the economy that focuses on benefiting the public as a whole instead of

Mini case chapter10 ( solve question E to f and g) Study

Mini chapter10 ( solve question E to f and g) - Case Study Example As compared to franchise L this will lose its taste among the customers in a few years time S would also be rejected if r were above 23.6%, this is because it will have a negative factor. To get an understanding the preference of conflict between NPV over IRR, it is prudent to by and large to recognize that NPV recognizes the â€Å"correct† rate. This is the cost of capital, to be discounted to the cash flows, as compared to the â€Å"arbitrary† rate. In the arbitrary approach where the IRR, makes assumes NPV to be 0. Supremacy of the Net Present Value rules that the reduction cost on capital procedure inborn in both the Internal Rate of Return and Net Present Value systems absolutely assumes that the reinvestment of the cash flows at any given discount rate is used, either Internal Rate of Return or the cost of capital. In the event that the internal rate of return is very big as compared to the cost of capital it becomes impractical to presume in undergoing for reinvestment with such high rate of risk. The gradient of the Net Present Value is dependent to the project’s timing pattern of the cash flows; long-term projects have high gradients as compared to short-term projects. The Net Present Value technique assumes that the entire cash flows of the project period be reinvested back to the project at the firm’s preferred rate of return, on the other hand the Internal Rate of Return technique assumes that these cash flows are possible to reinvested at the Internal Rate of Return. More often, the NPV is assumed to be a better as compared to IRR. The reason being that the project’s cash inflows are generally used as substitutes of outsourcing capital, This means that the, projects cash flows replace outside capital and, hence, save the firm the cost of outside capital. The Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR) is imitative of IRR that keeps away from the latter’s

Inactivity and Obesity Essay Example for Free

Inactivity and Obesity Essay Review the article â€Å"Physical activity and sedentary activity patterns among children and adolescents: A latent class analysis approach† for this assignment. As individuals and families spend more time in front of televisions, playing video games, surfing the internet, etc., incidence and prevalence rates of overweight and obese people in throughout the world increase. Based on the article, describe family, community, and school level strategies you would use in planning an obesity prevention program. The following items in particular will be assessed: 1. Identify two specific strategies (family, community, or school level) you would use to plan an obesity prevention program. Include evidence-based information as to why you believe these strategies will be the best ones to use. 2. In your opinion, when should obesity prevention start? What should be the ideal age to start obesity prevention, knowing that lifestyle has a great impact on whether individuals will become obese? 3. Provide empirical evidence to support your position as to when obesity prevention should start. Make sure to cite your sources. Introduction Studies of the health behavior of healthy individuals and families are closely correlated since without the support of a family, an individual would not prosper in healthy behaviors. This example hit close to home since there was someone at home always trying to gear my brother, sister, and myself in the right way. This might not be the case for other families and they might have different types of issues that are involved in the studies of health behavior of individuals and families. Human behavior plays a central role in the maintenance of health and the prevention of disease. Issues Involved Some of the issues involved in the studies of the health behavior of healthy individuals and families are the different strategies for establishing healthy eating habits in children and adolescents might be quite ineffective for changing maladaptive eating behaviors. This seems to be a major issue with families of all types of financial background. The majority of individuals that lack the monetary resource to buy healthier food choices seem to be at riskiest end. Also, maintaining a particular behavior over time might require different strategies than will establishing behavior. Studies Accomplished/Reasons they are Important Studies can be accomplished through different age groups and addressing certain behaviors cues associated with healthy families and individuals. For example, one might ask a teenage group if they have ever tried smoking or drinking. From this study, they can find out information concerning the individual behavior and why it is not conducive to healthy family behaviors. Two examples of studies accomplished from the reading are classical conditioning and operant-conditioning which each has its own way of learning behaviors. For example, classical conditioning modifies behavior by repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus that elicits the desired response. This type of learning behavior is important it allows the studies to see what mechanisms triggers different people to behave a certain way. One of the most famous classical conditioning was taught in a previous class that mentioned the salivation of dog in response to a bell being rung. The reason behind this was that every time individual brought in food for the dog, they would ring a bell. Later, they found out that just the ringing alone would set of excitement in the dog. This is important because we find out what triggers an individual’s happiness and with little help, their behavior can be geared towards a healthier one. In individuals, if someone is praised on how well they look and that they are maintaining their bodies well, the compliments alone can trigger an individual to want more praises, thus maintaining a great physique. The second type of study conducted was the operant-conditioning which builds on classical conditioning and focuses on the hypothesis that the frequency of a behavior is determined by its consequences. One example would be that of rewards for positive behavior as well as decreasing behavior from punishment. If an individual, gets praises for cleaning their room and is told that if they discontinue cleaning their room, they will make their parents disappointed, that individual might not want the negative responses thus making them decrease their negative behaviors. Contribution to Existing Knowledge These studies contribute to the existing knowledge by showing us that health behaviors can be changed by the way we treat each other. Also, with the studies, we are able to see how an individual’s health behavior can be controlled by praises and can also eliminate negative behavior by adding negative consequences.

Introduction To The Kingdom Of Spain Politics Essay

Introduction To The Kingdom Of Spain Politics Essay Spain officially known as The Kingdom of Spain, it is an independent government and affiliate of European Union. Spain is situated in the south west of Europe on the Peninsula Iberian. Madrid, the capital, is the largest city of Spain with over three million people of the population. The official language is Spanish known as Castellan, but there are recognized regional languages as Catalan-Valencian, Basque, Galician and Occitan that belongs to autonomous comminutes. Their government is Unitary Regional State Parliamentary Constitutional Monarchy, which as of today we find names like The King Juan Carlos I de Borbon, and the Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy. If we look back to the governance of 1978, the Spanish Constitution was the termination of the Spanish transition to democracy, moved by the democratic political reform in 1976 and 1977, the new Spains King Juan Carlos, well known and remembered for his conduct and temperament named a new prime minister and dismissed the one that was there. The new election organized the purpose of drafting and approving a new constitution in 1978. Education is free for Spain from the age of six to sixteen, and the religion is the Roman Catholicism which is considered the principal religion of Spain. Spain is also very well known for their architecture, music and dance, not even considering their cuisine and valuable representatives idols in different sports. The politics of Spain is basically established by the constitution of 1978, which says Spain as an autonomous government, where the people have to elect the Prime Minister for the power of the country. The political form of the Government of Spain is parliamentary monarchy, according to the Spanish Constitution, Tribunal Constitucional de Espana (1978), is a social representative, democratic, constitutional monarchy in which the Monarch is the head of state and the Prime Minister, whose official title is President of the Government, is the head of government.(Article 98). The political system as parliamentary monarchy means a form of an existing government in the current western democracies, especially in Europe, in which the king execute the function of the head of a state under the control of the legislative power (Parliament which are elected members of the state for some period) and of the executive power (Government). The norms and decisions established of the Parliament control not only the procedure or operation of the state, but also the action and functions of their own king. It divides in three different powers of government: Legislative power devises and modifies the existing laws according to the opinion of the citizens. Another function is the approval of the laws and usually, it is on charge of the congress or a parliament, which are composed by representatives elected by the town that has been attributed the main assignment to express the determination or will of them. Executive power dependable in causing to comply the laws and that is used to exercising the government or the own leader of the State. It is responsible for the daily management of the State. The executive power consider and executes general politics according to which the laws have to be applied, represents to the Nation in its diplomatic relations, maintains close the Armed Forces and from time to time advises to the legislation. The President is the visible image and figure and the most important power. Spanish Constitution, Tribunal Constitucional de Espana (1978) The judiciary power is independent of the executive and the legislature, administering justice on behalf of the King by several judges and magistrates. It is the responsible for administering the justice in the company or state, by means of the application of the legal norms (Article 99) Political Ideology Like any other country which has their own government we will find political ideologies. According to Roskin et al.(2009) states that ideologies are often based on theories but simplified and popularized to sell to mass audiences, build political movements, and win elections. Ideologies might be called cheap theories (p.39). Spain has several multi-party systems at both regional and the national level. Nationally it covers only two that are the most popular political dominant parties, which are PSOE (Partido Socialista Obrero Espanol) that is the left-leaning, and the right-wing PP (Partido Popular). On these days the political dominant party is the one that governs in the present. The regional parties can be strong in autonomous communities like Catalonia and the Basque Country due to several conflicts between these two that have been creating national government coalitions. The ideology of PSOE is social democracy and social democracy is a political ideology that considers itself to be a form of reformist democratic socialism. Social democracy rejects the either or polarization interpretation of capitalism versus socialism (Busky, 2008, p. 8; Harrington, 1989, p. 93). This means their belief it consist to be a force social democracy that supports the economy and gives benefits to the population, like unemployment, food stamps, low cost insurance and in some cases totally free. Figure .Political Parties in CongressAccording to researcher Steger (1997), Social democracy in its current form was originally developed by revisionist Marxist Eduard Bernstein who opposed orthodox Marxisms support of revolution and class conflict, claiming that socialism could be achieved through evolutionary means via representative democracy and cooperation between people regardless of class (p. 146). This means this party also means that they can improve the social conditions of the populations by reducing the benefits of the business, making the working class get all credit than the business. The ideology of PP (Partido Popular) is the conservative political party in Spain (Nordsieck, 2011, Parties and Elections in Europe: The database about parliamentary elections and political parties in Europe). This party was a refoundation in 1989 of the Peoples Alliance (Alianza Popular) and it was combined with small Christian democratic and liberal parties. The PP was until November 2011 the largest opposition party in the Congress of Deputies, with one hundred fifty three out of three hundred and fifty deputies, and the largest party represented in the Senate, with one hundred and one out of two hundred and eight senators. Their ideology is central and right, which means that they need to promote the total liberty for business and the state, cannot be involved in the economy. Electoral System Spain uses a majority system (more than half), which in article 68 from the Constitution in the electoral law of 1977 (restructured in 1985) is based on the proportional representation system, that according to Roskin, Cord, Medeiros, and Jones, (2009) states that proportional representation system elects representative by partys percent of vote, which means each district sends several representatives to parliament, not just one (pag. 70). The minimum of deputies must be three hundred and the maximum four hundred members of the parliament that are elected by free, direct, equal, and secret vote for a four year period, it must obtain a minimum of three percent of the vote in order to qualify for parliamentary representation. The voting system used is that of proportional representation with closed party lists, that mean voters can only vote for political parties as an entire party and they have to decide who ever gets the highest positions is tend to get a sit in the parliament. Following DHondt method a mathematical formula which slightly over represents the larger parties at the expense of the smaller ones (Roskin, Cord, Medeiros, and Jones, 2009, p. 71) in every providence of Spain the electoral vote or suffrage must be assigned by a minimum of two deputies per providence, this includes the autonomous cities (out of Iberian Peninsula) of Ceuta and Melilla, each of these two has to assigned only one deputy. Legislation can be opened by the Congress of Deputies and they are assigned to approve or refuse the laws adopted by the executive government. They also have the power to elect, the prime minister or the President of the Government. The prime minister can be removed from his duties due to a vote of confidence from the elected parliament, and then it needs to be substituted. Election system also helps to major political parties because not only provinces wit small populations are over-represented. Spain has two party systems that smaller and regional parties posses small representation, due to difference in population between providences, when the provinces are totally represented, the deputies is small comparing to one or two major parties, even if other smaller parties managed to obtain more than three percent of the votes. The three percent to get in the Congress is unsuccessful in many provinces, where the number of seats per constituency has a lower average that the actual deputies to be inside the Congress is effectively higher, for example, the actual number for the provinces having three seats is twenty five percent, much higher than three percent, however, in provinces such as Barcelona and Madrid, while the number of seats is much higher, the three percent to get it the Congress is still helpful to get rid of the smallest parties. Government intervention in the Economy After Dictator Francos death, Spain passed a change to democracy in the middle of 1970s, even though a quickly procedure of modernization happened, the Spanish welfare state was seen until now, that has been relative turned out week. There is a list of the main problems this consequences has left is that the attention has turned to be a governance issue, the interplay among levels of government, the welfare mix and public support for social policies. Another issue tell about the five most important challenges the Spanish faces with welfare state in the present century is the purpose to have a better life, to achieve a better work family balance, to organize migratory policies with existing social defense, to attempt the resolution of high rates of poverty, and to face intense population growing, both in terms of increasing needs for care and the modification of the pension system. Social welfare benefits little by little have grown. Spain gives generous retirement remuneration and st rong unemployment benefits; as per now it offers no welfare benefits. Political Culture The political culture is about the perception and the interpretation of the norms and values that each society implements to the people. The political system plays a role really important because of the ideas might be implementing how to work with the government and what they can do. The political culture is the symbols, values, and beliefs about the political system which is determinate by the history, economy, religion, and folkways. (Roskin et al., 2009, p. 119) It is related to the memory of what the nation have done previously, like in the last decades Spanish society and politics contributed the incapacity to maintain a firm and secure government very independent prior 1970. People believe and think the transformation of the democracy was possible by the socioeconomic modernization, the decisions, and the cultural change from political elites of democratic institutions and the conduct from some parties involved in the benefits to Spain. Unfortunately Spain does not have a good background in history, an excellent example which can be seen today with the autonomous communities, such as Catalonia and Basque country, that both are looking for independence, being away from Spain, creating regionalism and issues between all communities. Many questions fly around about the way of how the government and the politician need to act different or at least try to be similar and competitive with the neighbors governments. Perhaps the introduction of Spain to be inside the Europe Union have created in the meanwhile, that the present crisis should bring some common sense agreement to have a better workability in the political culture of Spain. Public Opinion The Spanish society is having many difficult times due to the current crisis; there is dissatisfaction with the social management carried out by the government. The rate of unemployment is one of the main reasons resulting in various popular events such as the irritated people and this is added to the labor reform that get problems to the labor rights of the Spanish workers. Another reason is cutting the health and education sectors and the raise taxes to reduce the Spanish deficit. The twenty seven thousand three hundred million of Euros in reduction in public spending joined a week later, a cut of ten thousand million in health and education. The eighty three percent of the budget reduction corresponds to the direct public spending, most in sensitive areas of social policy. These cuts will be punished more severely to the low-income women, young people, and the immigrant population. The difference between the efforts to increase the collection and the measures of mark get a tendency as regards social rights. According to the latest survey from Gaby Orà © Aguilar (2012) states that the living conditions of the year 2011, in Spain, twenty two percent of households live below the poverty line. The poverty rate rose by more than two percentage points between 2009 to 2011 (p.4). At the end of last year, five hundred thousand homes in Spain received no income for job, or unemployment benefits or social security; which means they were in extreme poverty. Religion in Spain The largest religion is known as Roman Catholicism which is led by the Pope. According to a study by the Sociological Research Spanish Center (2011) testify that about seventy percent of Spanish self-identify as Catholics, three percent as other faith, and about twenty five percent identify with no religion (p.13). Most Spanish, especially the younger generations try to avoid the religion differences compared to sexuality, morals, and politics. Spanish also consider the religion as part of the three most important values. Spain has also gone thru with the legalization of the gay marriage, actually there is a seventy percent of Spanish that support their marriage. (Study by the Centre of Sociological Research, 2004). This case was along from a split vote from the conservative liberal lines with the Spanish Socialist Workers Party and the other left party supporting while Peoples Party is against it. Spain also during the immigration process and the introduce of new cultures in the population, especially during and after the 1990s, have them led to an increment number of Muslims (God as related to prophet Muhammad) and have about one million of members. Along with the introduction of new religion as part of the immigration, people from Latin America which are known as strong Catholic practitioners have helped the Catholic Church to maintain part of the assistance for those who go to church on Sundays. In the last decade, political issues and the enrollment of the Catholic Church has increased again, especially for groups such as Opus Dei, Legion of Christ (Catholic Church Institution) with the participation of important politicians in the right-wing such as Popular Party. Opus Dei is an organization that their mission is to get closer to God, to serve the most needed it and to improve society. In more recent times, some members of the Opus Dei were chosen ministers by the then leader of that party, in any case, since the institutional point of view, the Opus Dei does not have an official political position, there is few worries that many of their members are politically conservatories just like the common of the Spanish Catholics. The members of the Opus Dei remind that the institution has a spiritual principle and that each member takes their professional responsibilities in the politics or the business without doing participants of them to the others member and even less to the institution. They said that the Opus Dei could have the political position they wanted, as long as they did not go in disagreement with the catholic principle. The church is not the independent and neutral institution in political affairs, and everything is related with the opinion of the Popular Party which it gain consequences that the new disapproval from important sections on the population, especially the biggest part of the left party that has the opposition against the church and the way in which it is economically sustained. Political Communication The mass media have always shown opinion in the civilization in politics. Political communication is the opening of how a government can be criticizes by public opinion like radio, newspaper, news channels, not even nationality, worldwide too. In these days, the audiovisual media market has positioned traditional print media, which means the press uses pictures and color to write or edit the news into television or journals. After Spain became democracy, the mass media practiced an increase to inform the civilization especially by newspapers. In these days most popular medias have gone online. The historic and significant newspapers in the past, such as La Vanguardia, ABC, El pais, and El mundo were part of the important media companies. According to Holtby (1990), he stated the reputation and expansion of these journalists were written by some of the most well-known writers of the Spanish language, from Spain and Latin America such as Miguel Delibes, Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez. Jose Camilo Cela, and Carlos Fuentes (p.336-338). Radio had a big impact on the Spanish communication. Taking into consideration to the Civil War, the radio was the principal tool of government propaganda, after that war the Francos forces detained republican distribution stations. During Francos period, coverage for all news national and international was official managed by Radio Nacional de Espana. The difference from the print media, radio did not apply a practice of liberalization, and after some restrictions it was finally eased. According to Gunter, Richard and Jose Ramon Montero (1999) the most important radio networks in Spain are RNE, Sociedad Espanola de Radio Difusion (SER), Cadena de Ondas Populares (COPE) and Onda Cero with a highest audience (P.176). In the same way as the other print media and televisions, radio has established a very important role in the culture and the identity of the autonomous communities like Basque Radio, Galician Radio, and Catalonia Country. It is estimated that over ninety percent of the population watches television. In terms of audience size, TVE1 and Antena 3 have the greatest numbers of viewers. Spanish television has developed from a state owned institution, which it represents the views of the government and was seriously covered up to one that tends the views of particular regions, a more European viewpoint, and the demands of the public in general. Most of the Spanish people receive the news from television and not from the print media. Online newspapers in Spain are a new experience, and they report for 17 percent of the distribution of web traffic. It started with the new technology that media in Spain has been implementing during this years as online publications. Most of newspapers started implementing their information online since 1994. Interest Groups It is related to the influence of groups against the government that might be permanent or momentary. The term of interest group covers just about any collection of people trying to influence the government, some interest groups work through the executive or administrative agencies, others through the judicial or legislative sectors (Roskin et al., 2009, p. 177). Some of them are concentrated to influence the political parties and the other on just particular changes such the private interest. In Spain most of these groups work together to persuade the government and become powerful. Sometimes interest groups participate in government; Catholic Church has participated in the Spanish Constitution which advice the liberty or freedom as well as the Church and State keeps away from each other, but also indicates that the public powers will keep in mind the religious beliefs and they will maintain the consequent relations of cooperation with the Catholic Church. (Article 16 of Spanish Constitution, 1978). The Catholic Church is excused to pay income taxes like the nonprofit companies and they were not able to pay taxes on some religious cultures or objects. Same thing happens for the conservation of the building that are considered cultural patrimony, which it is financed by the State and foe other public funds too. It is mandatory that primary and secondary schools offer in their academic program the class of religion, even though the students can choose to study a different alternative class. Chambers of commerce is a form of business network that their activity is to get together group of business people to recognize, create, or to prepare business opportunities. They are also considered as a interest groups due to their activity could create a public model to the sectors of the government because it is common in the European Union countries such as Germany, Italy, France, and also in Japan. The principal assignment of the chambers is trade promotion, vocational training, regional economic development, and general services to their members. It shows the possibility of a business individual to make innovative business associations and produce business opportunities at the same time. In Spain, the government could give the chance to some chambers to take responsibilities of public administrations in many fields, they also have a consultative or counseling occupation; this mean any chamber selected can ask for consulting ideas whenever a new law is related to the industry o r commerce. (Markus Pilgrim, Ralf Meier, 2011). ETA, a short form  for  Euskadi Ta Askatasuna,  which means Basque Homeland and Freedom is an armed organizations that looks Euskadis independency. The general idea they have with the government is that they achieve attacks like murders, abductions, car bombs, and more to all politicians or public images in the media. Once they create a terrorist environment it starts a high to the fire which means they need to stop using the violence and it will create a negotiation between them and the Spanish government to accomplish their objectives. Elections The electoral elections are carry out every 4 years, but sometimes it could be an agreement that some elections would be anticipated, this mean when the 4 year period it is not finalized. The requirement to vote is to have the Spanish nationality and to be legal age that is more than eighteen years old. The citizens must register in the electoral census to justify the people who vote is legally to do it. Votes are not mandatory for everybody, if you need to suffrage will be voluntary option. Electoral System TOTAL Distribution by sex and age Mujeres Varones Total 18,425,558 17,353,650 18 y 19 415507 438199 20 a 24 1081611 1138787 25 a 29 1246020 1300810 30 a 34 1585694 1641364 35 a 39 1751932 1797645 40 a 44 1712713 1738868 45 a 49 1686745 1687206 50 a 54 1553738 1532467 55 a 59 1335212 1299323 60 a 64 1246803 1181847 65 a 69 1140308 1035747 70 a 74 940110 794987 75 a 79 1035415 792292 80 a 84 843411 558985 85 y mà ¡s 850339 415123 Figure 2. Electoral System (Statistic National Institute) In the last elections, citizens have voted the sixty nine percent of total population, which means it has descended a seven percent with respect to the past general elections. From the total of twenty four million six hundred sixty six thousand and thirty ninety two votes, it has been that make it count. Political Party System Political parties connect the people thru the government. In these days Spain has several multi-party systems at both regional and the national level. Nationally it covers only two that are the most popular political dominant parties, which are Spanish Socialist Party (Partido Socialista Obrero Espanol) is the left-leaning, and Popular Party which leads the right-wing that describes as conservative on social questions and free market. The Popular Party is the current dominant party that represents Spain. The Spanish Socialist Party was created for the intention to represent and to protect the benefits and interests of the hard-working class of the industrial revolution in the nineteen century in the beginning of the democracy. In the other hand the Popular Party is the conservative political party of Spain founded in 1989, it is known as central reformist, they need to promote the total liberty for business and the state, cannot be involved in the economy. The Popular Party, recent winner of the past elections in November 2011, has plain majority in the Congress of the Representatives and Senate and governs in eleven autonomous regions (Paddy Woodworth, 2011). As all political parties it uses a imputing devices that allows citizens to get their needs by the government. If society votes it gives the chance to participate in political decisions. Popular Party and Spanish Socialist Party signed in 2000 the called agreement by the liberties against the terrorism, which voided the relationships related to the terrorism of the political debate among both parties by interest aggregation. Spain currently is a country decentralized that has recognized the territorial order of the power around the state has been called autonomous; this means the government offer total liberty to the autonomous communities to government by their own. After Francos death and with the intervention of the King Juan Carlos I in the beginning of the Headquarters, a new political period was opened that was consolidated with the victory of the Law for the Political Reform. During the campaign all parties coordinated the elaboration of the new constitution and the establishment for the autonomy for each region. The coherence of all parties involved in the democracies will execute as they agreed, if they become elected. The Popular Party is financially support by three different aspects; first they get money from subsidies institutions for political parties, quotes and anonymous donations of participants or followers supporters, and bank credits. According to the report of the Court of Accounts of the 2003, the Popular Party had a debt of 8 million euros, being the political party with group in the Congress in owing less money (Pedro Ramirez, 2007). Now most the money they received are constituted in donations from anonymous contributions. Spains Party System is majority (more than half), which in article 68 from the Constitution in the electoral law of 1977 is based on the proportional representation system, which means each district sends several representatives to parliament, not just one. Government and the Economy In other terms each country has relationships between the government and the economy, in this particularly case political economy study the distribution to sell and buy goods, the production that declares thru customs of what is coming in and out. To see how the production of Spain is we must identify their GDP which is a equivalent of the production of goods and services in a country over a year. Below I will show you the record of Spains GDP over last twelve years: Years 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 GDP 5.0 3.7 2.7 3.1 3.3 3.6 4.1 3.5 0.9 -3.7 -0.1 0.7 -1.0* Figure 3. Real GDP growth rate volume We can see how the GDP was maintained firm from the two thousand to the two thousand and seven, with the higher point in two thousand year with almost five percent. After that GDP falls to one percent of the total value produced in two thousand eight to two thousand nine passing from one percent to three percent negative due to the crisis and that it is called recession. The following years it still being negative with a little improvement in two thousand and eleven but went down this year as today. As we saw in two thousand and eleven the development of GDP was superior, this happened due to the value of that year has been so low because the families consume less as a result of the few incomes that they have, in addition businesses invest little regarding the low financial procedure. As of today the internal demand do not let them increase as some families do not spend or buy goods, this lead the business are not producing as before for the recent crisis Spain has been going thru, and it is hard to obtain a loan to be able to carry the production. Banks are not giving credit loans and the labor class has been inactive as construction stop while ago when it was the well maintain before. Inflation is the increment on prices of goods and services with related to the money maintained in a specific time period. Figure 3. Real GDP growth rate volume Principally inflation happens because there has been little incomes, and the tax has been lower without excluding the expenses up to now that there are many ways to help to keep the situation stable by the crisis. A good example is government rise the taxes to collect more money, increasing taxes on tobacco and alcohol. Political Violence Political violence means groups of people trying to intimidate the government to achieve political goals. These groups of violence people will try to get the government attention if they will not respond to their political demands. Violence could be considered as violation of human rights, war, police brutality, kidnapping, torture, terrorism, revolution, dictatorship, etc. Spain has many horror stories in their history; the most catastrophic attacked was in Madrid in two thousand and four. They were victims of terrorist attached produced by Al-qaeda with the explosion of bombs inside the trains. One hundred ninety one people passed away and one thousand eight hundred fifty eight got injured. At the beginning of the seventys, Spain had a modern economy but a political system based on the dictatorship which was not democracy as well all the European countries. Franco named General Carrero Blanco to stay in command of the government but after six months he was murdered by ETA. In November of nineteen seventy five, the General Franco died and the constitution was changed when King Juan Carlos Borbon was named king of Spain. Just then he began the transition of the dictatorship to the democracy.

Nineteenth Century Insane Asylums Essay example -- Exploratory Researc

Nineteenth Century Insane Asylums No matter where they were, mad houses, or insane asylums, have the same basic features and functions. The views of asylum life changed drastically over the course of the nineteenth century. The growth of the number of mad houses during the nineteenth century is quite remarkable. Before 1810, only a few states had insane asylums. By 1850, most of the Northeastern and Midwestern states' legislatures supported having asylums. As early as 1860, 23 of the 33 existing states had some sort of public institution for the insane. (Perrucci, p.11) The view of what caused insanity was widely disputed during this time period. Some physicians viewed insanity as being caused by a disease of the brain resulting in lesions. The opposing view, held by many Europeans, was that insanity was caused by civilization or society as a whole. (Perrucci, p.12) Classification played a significant role in the asylums and how they were run. First there is the classification between sane and insane. This division has continually been the center of study and discussion. Perhaps those that are considered insane aren't really. "Nineteenth century records make it clear that those alone, whether single, divorced, or widowed, were particularly vulnerable to institutionalization." (Dwyer, p.106) The next classification distinction is whether a person is temporarily insane or chronically insane. In many places, the need for a separate institution for the chronically insane was discussed. When a New York state asylum was considering a separate location, superintendent John Gray "opposed the idea of a separate institution for the chronically insane." (Dwyer, p.46) This idea was discredited throughout America and Europe. (... ...bility for Poe's story does exist. Mad houses were hardly present at the beginning of the nineteenth century. They quickly sprouted up throughout Europe and the United States. For the most part, they were run by a powerful, authoritative hierarchy. Towards the end of the century, people realized the major problems of asylums, and reform swept both Europe and the States. Bibliography Beaver, Harold, Ed. The Science Fiction of Edgar Allan Poe. Penguin Books. London: 1976. Dwyer, Ellen. Homes for the Mad: Life Inside Two Nineteenth Century Asylums. Rutgers University Press. New Brunswick: 1987. Perrucci, Robert. Circle of Madness: On Being Insane and Institutionalized in America. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: 1974. Porter, Roy. A Social History of Madness: The World Through the Eyes of the Insane. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. New York: 1987.